Ah (Ampere-hour): The result of multiplying the current in amperes by the time in hours, used to indicate the battery capacity.

Electrolyte: An intermediary that allows ion conduction between the positive and negative electrodes of a cell. This intermediary can be solid or liquid.

Negative Electrode: An electrode with a negative charge. This electrode acts as an anode during discharge and as a cathode during charging.

Positive Electrode: An electrode with a positive charge. This electrode acts as a cathode during discharge and as an anode during charging.

Overcharge: Continuous application of charging current to a cell or battery after it has reached its maximum charge state.

Overdischarge: Forcing the discharge of a cell or battery beyond 100% of its usable capacity.

Primary Batteries: Batteries that are not rechargeable after use and are essentially disposable.

Secondary Batteries: Batteries that are rechargeable.

Terminal: External electrical connections of a cell or battery.

Separator: An insulating layer of material that physically separates electrodes with opposite polarity. Separators must be permeable to electrolyte ions. Their other function can be to store or stabilize the electrolyte.

Self-discharge: The capacity drop of a cell or battery due to chemical reactions inside the cell when it is in an open circuit condition (without drawing external current).

Deep Discharge: Discharging a battery until 100% of it is depleted.

Float Application: In this state, the battery is simultaneously connected in parallel to a load and a charger (or rectifier). Therefore, a constant voltage is continuously applied to the load, keeping the battery fully charged, ready to supply the load without interruption.

Cyclic Application: In this state, the battery is periodically charged and discharged.

Cycle Life: The total expected number of cycles a battery can perform at a given discharge rate.

Capacity: The amount of electricity or electric charge that a fully charged battery can deliver under specific conditions, expressed in terms of ampere-hours.

Rated Capacity: The output capacity of a battery in terms of ampere-hours at a specific discharge rate before the voltage reaches a certain predetermined final value declared by the manufacturer. In lead-acid batteries, rated capacity is usually measured at a 20-hour or 10-hour rate.

Internal Resistance: A term referring to the resistance within a battery, including the resistance of the electrolyte, positive and negative plates, and separators.

End Voltage or Cut-off Voltage:

- In discharge mode, the minimum defined voltage for a cell or battery below which the battery does not operate, and using the battery below this voltage is not recommended due to irreversible processes.

- In charge mode, this voltage is selected to ensure the battery reaches full overcharge state with minimal gassing.

Cell: The smallest unit that a battery is composed of, including negative and positive plates, separator, and electrolyte. In lead-acid batteries, the nominal voltage of a cell is 2 volts.

D.O.D (DEPTH OF DISCHARGE): The depth of discharge capacity of a battery.

Specialized Battery Terminology

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